Inside the Teenage Brain
Program
#2011
Original airdate: January 31, 2002
Written, Produced and Directed by
Sarah Spinks
Dr. JAY GIEDD, National Institute of Mental Health:
-five, four, three, two, one-
Dr. CHARLES NELSON, University of Minnesota: I think the
problem parents have is that once their kid becomes a teenager,
for a brief period of time, it's as though they've been invaded by
another body.
CHARLIE: They need to learn how to relate to being a
kid. I think they forgot.
Dr. JAY GIEDD: We now know that there's a lot of dynamic
activity. In many ways, it's the most tumultuous time of brain
development since coming out of the womb.
BRITTANY: I swear to God, I'm never talking to any of
your friends again! I'll never talk to you again! I swear to God!
BRANDON: No. You don't have to- did I say anything? Did
I say no you couldn't sit here?
Dr. CHARLES NELSON: Those cells and connections that are
used will survive and flourish. Those cells and connections that
are not used will wither and die.
Dr. MARY CARSKADON, Brown University: With all of the
things that teenagers have available to them, their sleep has been
shoved into an ever- narrowing window.
NIKKI: Living a teenage life today is completely
different from before. I know it's very stressful on adults, but
they're going to have to realize that it's today's world. That's
how it is.
NARRATOR: Tonight, FRONTLINE takes you Inside the
Teenage Brain.
NARRATOR: The sun is up. And inside the O'Donnells' house,
they are trying to get Charlie up.
PAM O'DONNELL, Charlie's Mother: Charles! Charles?
CHARLIE: What!
NARRATOR: Pam tries.
PAM O'DONNELL: Come on!
CHARLIE: No!
NARRATOR: And then Charles, senior.
CHARLES O'DONNELL, Sr., Charlie's Father: Charles, time
to get up.
CHARLIE: No! Leave me alone!
CHARLES O'DONNELL, Sr.: All right. Well-
CHARLIE: Get out! I want to sleep!
CHARLES O'DONNELL, Sr.: All right. Well, time to get up.
I'll give you 10 minutes.
PAM O'DONNELL: By the time he gets up in the morning to
the time he walks out the door, there's a matter of, like, 11
minutes maximum. So he's a procrastinator. You know, he'll just stay
in bed.
NARRATOR: They happen to live in East Providence, Rhode
Island, but parents everywhere will recognize the look and the
pacing. It's a school day, and there's a teenager to get out of bed.
CHARLES O'DONNELL, Sr.: We have to remind him, "Do your
hair. Get your books. Take your backpack. Have your key for the
house." It's a normal routine type of thing.
PAM O'DONNELL: Did you study?
CHARLIE: No. How do you study math?
PAM O'DONNELL: Practice.
CHARLIE: The bacon is a little burned.
PAM O'DONNELL: Yeah. I'm sorry about that.
Well, he's a very friendly person. He's very outgoing. He's very
well-liked outside the house. It's almost like he's a different kid
than he is at home because they don't get the that attitude we get.
CHARLES O'DONNELL, Sr.: Well, two more days, you're all
done. School's out.
CHARLIE: Uh-huh. One more.
CHARLES O'DONNELL, Sr.: How come you don't have to go to
school on Friday?
CHARLIE: Because that's when the unofficial report cards
are distributed.
CHARLES O'DONNELL, Sr.: Well, maybe it'd be a good idea
for you to go into school.
CHARLIE: No! They're mailing it! Why bother going in and
getting out at 10:30? I don't have to go in.
CHARLES O'DONNELL, Sr.: We'll see.
Pam and I are trying to make sure that Charlie does well in high
school so that he doesn't unknowingly close some doors on himself
for future opportunities.
It was nice of your mother to cook breakfast for you this
morning. Did you say thank you?
CHARLIE: Yes I did, Dad.
CHARLES O'DONNELL, Sr.: That's good.
CHARLIE: Did I? No?
PAM O'DONNELL: No, you didn't. You're welcome.
CHARLIE: Can I have another drink of orange juice?
NARRATOR: If parents often wonder what is going on inside
the teenage brain, tonight some answers, perhaps more than most
parents expect.
Here at the University of Minnesota, this $2 million dollar
machine is revealing the secrets of another 15-year-old boy to his
father. While Colin Nelson lies calmly, a scanning machine - a
magnetic resonance imager - will open a window into his brain.
The details are there, but what does this picture mean about
mood, learning, memory?
Dr. CHARLES NELSON, University of Minnesota: So he has a
good hippocampus. How come he doesn't remember to take out the
garbage in the morning?
I wonder if he's awake? The first time we scanned him, when he
was about 9, he- with all that noise, he fell asleep.
NARRATOR: Charles Nelson is a neuroscientist and child
psychologist at the University of Minnesota.
Dr. CHARLES NELSON: Teenagers have- particularly when
they're first becoming teenagers, have every reason to believe and
to feel that no one understands them, that they themselves are
sometimes surprised at what flies out of their mouth. And a personal
example is when my son was 12, he one day just blurted something out
and then grinned. And he thought- he thought out loud, "Where did
that come from?"
NARRATOR: His father is trying to answer this question.
Slowly, a picture is emerging of the brain of a boy- not yet an
adult, not quite a child.
Dr. CHARLES NELSON: So we can correlate it with real life.
And if we show activation in the hippocampus, the question would be,
why is it that in this particular case of Colin, why he doesn't
remember to bring his books home from school?
I think the problem parents have is, they- no matter how well
they think they know their kid, once their kid becomes a teenager,
for a brief period of time it's as though they've been invaded by
another body or another brain. And suddenly, they don't quite know
that kid anymore, and they get thrown off balance.
CHARLES O'DONNELL, Sr.: We're bending. It's a
give-and-take situation.
CHARLIE: Well, still- like, they're only about like that.
[gesturing] They still got, like, that much more to go.
PAM O'DONNELL: It takes a lot to let go.
CHARLIE: Not for me. You got to be cool.
PAM O'DONNELL: Well, for me it does.
CHARLIE: You got to be relaxed!
PAM O'DONNELL: I am cool. There's nobody cooler than me,
let me tell you. It just takes a lot, you know? I've- we've raised
you to the best of our ability. You may think that we're paranoid or
we're uncool or we're too strict-
CHARLIE: All of the above.
PAM O'DONNELL: Well, that's what works for us, we feel.
CHARLIE: But you're not the kid! You don't have to abide
by your own rules. You-
PAM O'DONNELL: I have to abide by his rules.
NARRATOR: In an artist's studio in Cincinnati, Jim Borgman
is capturing the flashpoints of life with teens. A Pulitzer Prize
winner, Borgman developed the popular Zits cartoon with
artist Jerry Scott. Now syndicated in 900 newspapers, Jeremy and his
comic strip family are familiar to parents everywhere.
JIM BORGMAN, Cartoonist: Ninety percent of the letters we
get fall into one wonderful category, which are, "You must have a
camera in our house," or you know, "This is my son exactly. I can't
believe it. How are you doing this?" Jeremy is 15 years old. He
can't drive. He's still stuck within the orbit of his parents'
rules, and they are still a much bigger factor in his life than he
would like. And so there's that moment before he can get out of the
house and drive off on his own when there is the maximum tension in
the house.
Dr. CHARLES NELSON: Many parents are thrown for a loop
when their kids get to be an adolescent, in some respects. And what
I think they need to do is recognize that this is just another phase
of child development, and even though their children may be shouting
more and talking back more and kicking and- and throwing temper
tantrums, it's just a temper tantrum in a 5-foot-tall body instead
of an 18-inch-long body.
NARRATOR: And Nelson knows. He's an expert on little
babies. This one, Natalie Aune, can already recognize her mother's
voice, and she's just a week old. By measuring small brain waves,
researchers at Nelson's lab at the University of Minnesota can show
how babies are learning quickly, taking in data from the vivid world
around them. That period of dramatic growth in Natalie's brain will
happen once again just before she becomes a teenager.
Dr. CHARLES NELSON: I think the transition into puberty is
analogous to the transition to being a baby, in many respects, that
a child suddenly is undergoing fairly substantial changes in their
brain development at a very, very rapid pace. And that period of
time often, that lasts only a year or two, is a time where we really
need to pay very close attention to what's happening to our kids.
NARRATOR: But paying attention to a teenager brings a
different set of challenges.
CHARLES O'DONNELL, Sr.: We have rules that you have to
follow while you're in the house, like it or not.
CHARLIE: Did you like your father's rules?
CHARLES O'DONNELL, Sr.: Probably not.
CHARLIE: You don't remember it? "Probably"?
CHARLES O'DONNELL, Sr.: I still have a good relationship
with my father, Charlie.
CHARLIE: Yeah, but did you like his rules?
CHARLES O'DONNELL, Sr.: I would assume he had rules that
I didn't care for. But while I was living in the house, I had to
abide by the rules. And I feel, you know-
CHARLIE: Did you want to move out of there as soon as
possible because of those rules?
CHARLES O'DONNELL, Sr.: No.
CHARLIE: They need to learn how to relate to being a kid.
I think they forgot. Stuff like that. Let us make our own mistakes.
NARRATOR: Fifteen years old, a teenager with wheels that
are too small, with ambitions to drive, to fly in a larger world.
Late at night, Dr. Jay Giedd heads to work. He, too, is grappling
with the teenage world, trying to untangle the workings and wirings
of the adolescent brain. This doctor is crossing over a new
threshold to a fresh understanding of adolescence.
Dr. JAY GIEDD, National Institute of Mental Health: I
think people for generations have been fascinated by teen behavior
and what is happening in teens. But for so long, to actually look
inside the biology of teen behavior has been very elusive. And we
just haven't had the technology or the tools to try to peer into the
so-called "black box."
NARRATOR: But now he does. Dr. Giedd of the National
Institute of Mental Health gets the use of this imaging machine one
night a week to look at the brain structure of normal children.
Teens come in and sometimes even sleep in this large magnet so he
can take a long hard, look inside their brains.
Dr. JAY GIEDD: Now, for the first time in our human
history, we can actually start exploring the living, growing,
activity of the human brain.
Five, four, three, two, one, blast off.
NARRATOR: What he discovered in the all-important part of
the brain that sits behind the forehead, in an area called the
frontal cortex, was an unexpected growth spurt, an overproduction of
cells just before puberty.
Dr. JAY GIEDD: This is a process that we knew happened in
the womb, maybe even the first 18 months of life. But it was only
when we started following the same children by scanning their brains
at two-year intervals that we detected a second wave of
over-production. And this second wave of over-production is manifest
by an actual thickening in the gray matter or the thinking part in
the front parts of the brain.
[www.pbs.org: Read the full interview]
Dr. CHARLES NELSON, University of Minnesota: Many people
mistakenly believed that most of the changes occurred in the first
few years of life, and then after a child was about 3, there was
actually relatively little change occurring. And we know now that's
absolutely incorrect
Dr. JAY GIEDD: Well, I think the most surprising thing has
been how much the teen brain is changing. By age 6, the brain's
already 95 percent of its adult size. But the gray matter or
thinking part of the brain continues to thicken throughout childhood
as the brain cells grow extra connections, much like a tree growing
extra branches, twigs and roots.
NARRATOR: It's like this. The brain grows like a tree.
First there is a flurry of growth. Then unused branches or pathways
are pruned. And it is this pruning that gives the tree its shape for
the future.
CHARLIE'S UNCLE: I'll hold this in position because it
has to have a little bit of an angle. You want to tighten this
clamp. [unintelligible] with your fingers first.
NARRATOR: For Charlie, as he works in his uncle's garage,
the skills he's acquiring will strengthen certain neural pathways.
What he practices will combine with his own genetic heritage to
consolidate the wiring in certain parts of his brain and not others.
CHARLIE'S UNCLE: The last thing we want to do is give
this thing a little wiggle and-
CHARLIE: Want me to hold it right there?
CHARLIE'S UNCLE: Yes, right there is perfect.
Dr. JAY GIEDD: The pruning-down phase is perhaps even more
interesting because our leading hypothesis for that is the "Use it
or lose it" principle. Those cells and connections that are used
will survive and flourish. Those cells and connections that are not
used will wither and die. So if the teen is doing music or sports or
academics, those are the cells and connections that will be
hard-wired.
If they're lying on the couch or playing video games or MTV,
those are the cells and connections that are going to survive.
NARRATOR: It is not only what a teenager does that
matters, but how old he is and what the immature brain is capable of
doing. Some areas co-ordinate and oversee others. And it those parts
of the brain that have long interested neuroscientists.
Dr. CHARLES NELSON: We've known for a long time that what
we actually call the pre-frontal cortex, the part that sits behind
your forehead, is involved in planning behavior, your use of
strategies, a technical term we call cognitive flexibility, which is
can you change your mind and do you have sort of a fluid way of
going about solving problems?
Dr. JAY GIEDD: The part of the brain that is the so-called
CEO or the executive of the brain is still being built during the
teenage years. Teens are capable of enormous intellectual and
artistic accomplishments. But that basic part of the brain that
gives us strategies and organizing and perhaps warns us of potential
consequences isn't fully on board yet.
NARRATOR: The risks of a severe concussion or a turned
ankle, for instance. An adult brain might call for a helmet here or
suggest this is not quite the moment to take a drag. But when you're
very good, very determined and very young, its easy to feel
invulnerable.
BOY WITH SKATES: On some occasions, I wear helmets, but
not that much. I come here almost every day, so it's not that much
for me if I fall because I'm kind of used to it. I just get little
scrapes. No, it's not that risky.
NARRATOR: Well, not that risky would be one way to
put it.
BOY WITH SKATES: It's one of, like, the most common,
either rolling or wrists.
Dr. CHARLES NELSON: Adolescence has always been a period
of high risk. We know that teenagers engage in risky behavior and
they have always engaged in risky behavior. There's nothing new
about that now. And because the child - the 13 or 14 or 15-year-old
- still has an immature frontal cortex, they often do not make the
most responsible, reasoned decisions. And by virtue of having things
available that can do harm, they often wind up in a higher risk
group than I experienced as a child myself.
NARRATOR: The prevalence of drugs, for instance. Here at a
rave party, ecstasy and other drugs are a kind of rite of passage.
GIRL AT PARTY: When you're on E, you love everyone. Like,
I love you.
BOY AT PARTY: Very similar to San Francisco in 1969.
BOY AT PARTY: The way you feel, like, your hands are soft.
You can touch your face. Your skin is very, very soft. People touch
you. It's nice.
Dr. JAY GIEDD, National Institute of Mental Health: It's
also a particularly cruel irony of nature, I think, that right at
this time, when the brain is most vulnerable, is also the time when
teens are most likely to experiment with drugs or alcohol. If
they're doing drugs or alcohol that evening, it may not just be
affecting their brains for that night or even for that weekend but
for the next, you know, 80 years of their life.
JIM BORGMAN, Cartoonist: Sullenness, boredom, one-word
answers, the misery. You know, it always looks a lot more humorous
to us in retrospect.
NARRATOR: At the old carousel in Riverside, Rhode Island,
Brittany Husnander and her friend, Leah Crowell, ride around just as
they did when they were kids. But now the thrills are elsewhere.
BRITTANY: So what happened last night? Did you guys,
like, kiss or anything?
LEAH: Nope.
BRITTANY: Why not?
LEAH: Because.
BRITTANY: I said why?
LEAH: I don't know if I want to.
BRITTANY: Why not?
LEAH: I don't know.
BRITTANY: OK. How come you wouldn't give him an answer,
Leah? I want you to go out with him. Why do you make it so
complicated?
There's nothing to do in Riverside. It's so boring. We don't- we
just walk around. That's all we ever do is, like, walk around or,
like- I don't know. We really never do anything. We go to the beach
sometimes. Sometimes we go to the mall. Sometimes we go to the
movies. But pretty much all we do is sit around and just, like, talk
or go in the pool or whatever. It's boring.
NARRATOR: Brittany can change from fed-up teen to focused
artist very quickly. She's a good student with many talents and a
lot of support from the teen expert in her house, her mother,
Beverley [sp?].
BEV HUSNANDER, Brittany's Mother: They're trying to make
the best way they can. They're trying to put the pieces together the
best way they know how. And on top of it all, they're going through
this hormone thing and peer pressure and all this other stuff.
NARRATOR: Bev is sympathetic to the ups and downs of
teenage life. She is easy about Brittany's swings in mood, able to
tolerate a lot of teenage angst.
BEV HUSNANDER: Now she's aggravated. Can't do nothing
right these last few days. I wonder whose fault that is.
God bless the guy who's willing to take her on because he's going
to have to be a very open and comfortable person with females,
rather than being intimidated by them.
NARRATOR: Brittany's not going to be intimidated by her
brother, Brandon.
BRITTANY: All right! You're not going to deny that they
fought with me, too. So why aren't you mad at them? That's why I
get mad at Leah! I don't get mad at you because Leah always sits
in your room with you and follows you guys and talks to you guys!
I don't get mad at you, I get mad at Leah! So why are you mad at
me? Get mad at your friends! Tell your friends to stay the f--k
away from me!
BRANDON: Did I say anything? Did I say, "No, you
couldn't come and sit here"?
BRITTANY: I swear to God, I'm never talking to any of
your friends again! I'll never talk to you again! I swear to God!
BRANDON: You don't have to stop talking to us! You can
talk! But don't-
BRITTANY: Am I not supposed to live in my own house?
They're here more than I am!
BRANDON: You live on Mike!
BRITTANY: I swear to God, I'll be, like, "Mike, you need
to move. I live here, and there's no other seats on the couch, so
I need to lay down. Get up."
BRANDON: You don't see me doing it to your friends
whenever someone goes, "You want to go to Bucky's?" You don't see
me go, "Yeah, I'll go with you! I'll take the walk! Oh, man, let's
go!"
BRITTANY: All right. I'm sorry. I'm sorry! I'm sorry.
I'm sorry.
NARRATOR: Bev Husnander remains unperturbed. She knows it
could all pass in a moment.
BRITTANY: Give me a hug! You need to hug me. I hugged
you.
BRANDON: OK, that's good enough!
BRITTANY: No, give me a hug. Give me a hug. Thank you.
Dr. CHARLES NELSON: We think that the dramatic changes in
mood - for example, a child having an outburst at one moment and
then being very calm and happy the next - is due in part to changes
in hormones because we know that as a child enters puberty, these
changes in mood are much more dramatic. And a year or two after
puberty has begun, things level down a little bit.
But we think the ultimate responsibility for regulating these
mood changes resides in the frontal cortex, and that's what's
overseeing this whole operation.
NARRATOR: Jim Borgman, a parent himself, recalls his own
teenage mood swings with great clarity.
JIM BORGMAN: Remembering those years and how they felt and
how insecure we were and how vulnerable we felt, and sadness and the
loneliness and the confusion and the isolation. The strip is
intended to be funny, and I hope it is, but there has to always be
that underlying layer of, you know, the sudden touch you have as a
teenager with the deep well of human experience.
NARRATOR: Nicole Ellis often feels vulnerable, but today
the picture she's trying to portray is of the self-assured Nicole,
the one who is running for student council at a Toronto high school.
NIKKI: I've been attending this school for the past
years and noticed the lack of interest taken to make the school
more exciting. That's why I am running for social convenor. One of
the things I'd like to bring back to you is our school dance.
NARRATOR: Today the students will give her a vote of
confidence.
NARRATOR: But for a teenager, confidence is something
clutched at, seldom held.
NIKKI: One hour, I could be really happy and laughing, and
the next hour I'm just really, really upset. Then it could be one
whole day I'm fine. Then two days later, I'm just mad.
NARRATOR: Nikki lives with her mother and two brothers.
Her mother, Gayle, knows the turbulence of the teenage years.
GAYLE JARVIS, Nikki's Mother: I know her moods. I know
when something is bothering her. I know when she feels she doesn't
want to talk. And I know when it is the time to just leave her
alone, and I also know when there's a time to find out and find out
what's bothering her ASAP. I sort of have to feel her out.
NIKKI: Sometimes I just don't feel like talking, period,
and she knows. She knows that, so-
GAYLE JARVIS: I know that, like, are you feeling angry
inside, confused, what? And that's what she wants-
NIKKI: I don't even know. Sometimes I don't know
GAYLE JARVIS: Sometimes she doesn't know what she feels.
NIKKI: Sometimes I don't even know why I'm upset, I'm just
upset.
GAYLE JARVIS: She comes to me sometimes, she says, "Mom, I
feel like crying." So I sit down, put my arms around her, let her
cry.
Dr. CHARLES NELSON, University of Minnesota: The recent
work on brain development, in my mind, enormously helps explain
things that we've known for some time in child development. So
people who've studied adolescence for many years have pointed to
these changes in behavior that we've been describing, these changes
in mood and fluctuations in mood and the like, without quite being
able to pinpoint what was responsible for those changes. And now I
think we have a much better handle on that.
And I think my argument would be that it's the changes going on
in the frontal cortex that gradually give the child the ability to
regulate those powerful emotions, to solve problems more
effectively, to be more planful in their behavior. So what's really
new here is our ability to explain the child development work that
we've known about for quite some time.
JIM BORGMAN, Cartoonist: I find that the quickest way to
get shut out is to ask questions about things that you're not
welcome to know or to share. So for me, as a parent, it has always
been more a matter of waiting for the oyster to open and being
present when it does.
NARRATOR: Dr. Deborah Yurgelun-Todd and her associate,
Staci Gruber, are scanning the brains of teenagers to see how they
read emotion. The small but intriguing study at McLean Hospital near
Boston is mapping differences between the brains of adults and
teens.
Dr. DEBORAH YURGELUN-TODD, McLean Hospital: I came to this
research with the assumption that the teenager was going to look a
lot like an adult. In fact, I assumed that the 13-year-old brain
would respond quite similarly to the adult brain, in terms of the
kinds of tasks that we were asking them to do when they were in the
magnet.
NARRATOR: To explore this, Todd put teenage and adult
volunteers through an MRI and monitored how their brains responded
to a series of pictures. The volunteers were asked to discern the
emotion on these faces. The results were surprising.
Dr. DEBORAH YURGELUN-TODD: One of the interesting things
about the findings are that they suggest that the teenagers are not
able to correctly read all the feelings in the adult face.
NARRATOR: All the adults identified this emotion as fear,
but the teenagers invariably saw something different.
Dr. DEBORAH YURGELUN-TODD: Patrick, how're you doing?
PATRICK: Good.
Dr. DEBORAH YURGELUN-TODD: Tell me about those faces?
What were those faces feeling?
PATRICK: A lot of them are shocked or angry and- I think
that was it.
Dr. DEBORAH YURGELUN-TODD: OK, shocked and angry.
PATRICK: Yeah.
Dr. DEBORAH YURGELUN-TODD: OK. Thank you.
[www.pbs.org: A summary of research on emotion]
Dr. DEBORAH YURGELUN-TODD: They see anger when there isn't
anger or sadness when there isn't sadness. And if that's the case,
then, clearly, their own behavior is not going to match that of the
adult. So you'll see a miscommunication both in terms of what they
think the adult is feeling, but also and then what the response
should be to that.
NARRATOR: The reason for this, she believes, is that
teenagers use a different part of the brain to assess the emotion on
people's faces.
Dr. DEBORAH YURGELUN-TODD: This is a really nice picture,
highlighting the fact that in an adolescent brain, the relative
activation of the pre-frontal region or this anterior front part of
the brain, is less than it is in the adults. But in contrast to
that, the more emotional region or that gut response region has more
activation compared to the adult. So that the relationship between
these two regions is very different. And we think that that's been a
very important finding in terms of understanding adolescent
behavior.
NARRATOR: At Nikki Ellis's high school, students often
feel that they are the ones who are misunderstood, not the other way
around- with some exceptions.
PATRICK KNIGHT: When you're looking on the border and
see you as central, how does your family factor into your life? I
would like a picture of you. No I don't want a mug shot. I want a
picture, OK?
NARRATOR: Patrick Knight is a popular teacher, often
acting as a bridge between the students and adults. We asked Knight
to gather a group of his students to find out what's on their minds.
PATRICK KNIGHT: What's a stereotype that's placed on
teenagers' shoulders that bothers you?
TYLER: That no matter what they're doing, they're always
causing trouble. Everything they do will end up causing trouble in
some way.
PATRICK KNIGHT: Young and stupid.
TYLER: Yeah.
NIKKI: Just that they think we're all liars. Yeah, I
think- like, not even that we're liars. It's people, a lot of
them, adults think we're dumb, that we don't know any-
[crosstalk] No, but not even that. Remember, you can be
just walking- I've been standing beside adults- I've stood beside
adults, and there could be just a girl or a guy walking. They
don't look any way. The guy doesn't have to be- he doesn't have on
no bandanas or nothing. And they'll just, "Oh, look at them. I
don't know why teens love to walk the street."
WILL: My dad thinks that, like, I drink and I cause
trouble. And he thinks I'm always looking for ruckus and stuff.
That's not true.
TAMARA: The funniest thing, though, is just, like, that
they think we're dumb and that we're whatever. And then some of
these people that have that attitude, and they've even said stuff
to me and some other people, they are the biggest hypocrites I've
ever seen!
TEENS: Yeah! Yeah!
TAMARA: I was just, like, "OK," like, "Be quiet." You
know, like, "Look at yourself and then fix yourself up before you
judge me."
Dr. DEBORAH YURGELUN-TODD: The teenager is not going to
take the information that is in the outside world and organize it
and understand it the same way we do.
TYLER: I'll just be sitting at home watching TV, and my
mom will say, "Did you do that for me?" I'll be, like, "Oops. I
forgot. Sorry." "You didn't forget. You chose not to do it."
TEENS: Yes! Yeah!
TYLER: "You chose. You decided that you did not want to
do that because if you wanted to do it, then you'd have done it
right away."
NIKKI: My mom will- she'll say, "Oh, but you didn't
forget to roam street. You didn't forget to go out. You didn't"-
Dr. DEBORAH YURGELUN-TODD, McLean Hospital: In terms of
interactions at the dinner table or on the weekend or doing chores
or doing homework, it means that whatever communication, whatever
conversation you had with them, if you're assuming they understood
everything you said, they may not have, or they may have understood
it differently.
NARRATOR: The new ways of looking at the brain point
scientists like Jay Giedd to a different understanding of how it
works.
Dr. JAY GIEDD, National Institute of Mental Health: The
cerebellum in the back of the brain is the part of the brain that
changes most during the teen years. So this part of the brain has
not finished growing well into the early 20s, even.
The cerebellum used to be thought to be involved in the
coordination of our muscles. But we now know it's also involved in
coordination of our thinking processes. And just like one can be
physically clumsy, one can be kind of mentally clumsy. And this
ability to smooth out all the different intellectual processes, to
navigate the complicated social life of the teen and to get through
these things smoothly and gracefully instead of lurching with
adolescents seems to be a function of the cerebellum.
As a society, we're less active than we ever have been in the
history of humanity. We're good with our thumbs and video games and
such, but as far as actual physical activity - running, jumping,
playing - children are doing less and less of that. The recess and
the play seem to be the first thing that is cut out of school
curriculums in tight times. But those actually may be as important
or maybe even more important than some of the academic subjects that
the children are doing.
CHARLES NELSON, University of Minnesota: Often the
hallmark of recognizing that your kid has become a teenager, after
they say something like, "I hate you, Dad" or "I hate you, Mom" is
that suddenly, they find themselves sleeping until 11:00 in the
morning, which they never did before.
NARRATOR: First period is just wrapping up in this
9th-grade English classroom.
ENGLISH TEACHER: No, we haven't done this, so nobody has
this yet. OK, this is the last story.
NARRATOR: The teacher is wide awake, trying to inject a
little life into his students.
ENGLISH TEACHER: Number 12- OK, "prodigious- wonderful,
of great size." A lot of people got that mixed up with "poignant."
All right, prodigious, if we're going to be technical, OK?
Prodigious.
Dr. MARY CARSKADON, Brown University: What you see in the
classroom is a sea of sleepy faces and drool on their notebooks, and
so forth. When we bring those kids into the laboratory, what we see
is a phenomenon that's of a lot of concern for us. They start to
look as if they have a major sleep disorder.
NARRATOR: At a sleep lab in Rhode Island, director Mary
Carskadon has become a world expert on adolescents and how they
sleep. She is disturbed by what her studies show: that most teens
are getting an average seven-and-a-half hours a night.
Dr. MARY CARSKADON: When you put that in the context of
what they need to be optimally alert, which is nine-and-a-quarter
hours of sleep, it's clear that they're building huge, huge sleep
debts night after night after night.
With all of the things that teenagers have available to them -
from televisions and telephones and computers - their sleep has been
shoved into an ever-narrowing window. Fundamentally, the issue is
they're not filling up their tank at night, and so they're starting
the day with an empty tank.
PETER KNIGHT: OK, guys, I want to know how many people
had a problem this morning getting out of bed. All of you?
NIKKI: It's hard to get up because sometimes my brother
and Mom will come wake me up and, like, it'll take- you know,
they'll have to call me, like, 15 times before I actually get up.
Dr. MARY CARSKADON: What's interesting is there's another
part of their brain that's the biological timing system, or the
circadian clock, that actually helps to prop them up at the end of
the day.
NARRATOR: The circadian clock shifts forward as children
become teenagers.
NADIA: I'm so used to staying up so late and everything,
I just can't fall asleep.
CHRIS: Like, 12:00 to, like, 1:00, sometimes 2:00.
PETER KNIGHT: Why do you go to bed so late?
CHRIS: A whole bunch of- I can't sleep most of the time.
Dr. MARY CARSKADON: When they start the day with the empty
tank and there's no biological clock helping them in the morning,
they really should be home in bed sleeping, not sleeping in the
classroom.
CHARLIE: I'm not a morning person at all, not at all.
Like, when I get on the bus, I don't even remember what happens at
home. It's just like, blah, like, just- it's all big blur. And so,
like, when they say I'm grounded when I get home, I don't remember
what I did in the morning.
Dr. MARY CARSKADON: The teenagers are really put in a kind
of a gray cloud when they aren't having enough sleep. It affects
both their mood and their ability to think and their ability to
perform and react appropriately.
NARRATOR: Professor Carlyle Smith at Trent University in
Canada specializes in sleep and learning. We asked Dr. Smith to run
both Nicole and Charlie through a series of sleep studies. Both
teens will perform certain tasks, go to sleep for the night and come
back three days later to repeat them. It doesn't matter what skills
they have coming into the test. It will simply measure - under
various amounts of sleep - whether they will improve their skills.
The exercises are designed to get the brain learning something
new. This test is a real brain teaser. It's like learning an
equation in math. Not only does Charlie have to trace something
upside down, he must visualize the task in his brain and work from
that picture.
Dr. CARLYLE SMITH, Trent University, Ontario: The special
worry with teenagers is that they are learning a tremendous amount
and trying to keep up with their peers, and so on. They're often
stretching almost to the limit of what they can do. And sleeping in
is one of the best ways that they can do to sort of stay abreast of
what's going on. And let them do it.
[www.pbs.org: More on sleep and learning]
CHARLIE: Yeah, who makes the beds.
SLEEP LAB STAFFER: I do.
CHARLIE: Can you make mine again?
SLEEP LAB STAFFER: Yeah, I'll make it up for you. Did
you mess it up?
CHARLIE: No, it was just from everybody being in it.
SLEEP LAB STAFFER: Yeah, I'll make it nice for you.
CHARLIE: All right. Hospital corners?
SLEEP LAB STAFFER: No.
CHARLIE: No?
SLEEP LAB STAFFER: I'll give you lab corners.
NARRATOR: It would seem hard to go to sleep this way, but
Jeremy Jacob needs to measure exactly what stage of sleep Nikki is
in. He's particularly interested in REM - rapid eye movement - the
time of dreaming and learning.
The same part of the brain that was working when the teens were
learning their new skills continues to rehearse and practice when
the students sleep. The brain consolidates and improves on what they
have just learned. In a sense, the lessons are effortless, happening
while they sleep.
Dr. CARLYLE SMITH: The best predictor of how well someone
is going to do, be they at Harvard or wherever, is not their SAT
scores or anything else, it's whether or not they got a good night's
sleep.
NARRATOR: Three days later, the teens are back.
Dr. CARLYLE SMITH: Charlie and Nicole, one of you got a
normal night of sleep almost. What normally happens is you start
out with what's called a little "stage one," then you go to two,
three, four. Nicole, she got a 105 minutes of REM sleep. That's
quite a bit. Charlie, on the other hand, you only got 44 minutes.
You got less than half of what she got. So you're a little short
on REM sleep. And as it turns out, that's going to be pretty
important as to what happened to your tests.
NARRATOR: Smith had purposely arranged for Charlie to have
less sleep. Now, after re-testing the two students, the evidence is
clear about how important sleep is to learning.
Dr. CARLYLE SMITH: You improved by 6 percent on the ball
and cup.
CHARLIE: I improved?
Dr. CARLYLE SMITH: You improved by 6 percent.
CHARLIE: I thought I did crappy.
Dr. CARLYLE SMITH: No, you improved by 6 percent. But
Nicole improved 11 percent. We're looking at your degree of
improvement. In terms of improvement, you didn't improve as much
as Nicole did. So she was over double what you had.
Now then, the mirror trace. This we think requires REM sleep.
Nicole, who got lots of REM sleep, she improved 44 percent. And
you, Charlie, you were worse by 10 percent.
I can't tell you any more clearly. Having a good night's sleep
will give you more of an advantage than anything else than you can
do. Now, you can re-learn this stuff, but you're going to run out
of time. Every day you say, "Well, I'll catch up." But while
you're catching up, Nicole is busy going ahead. Yeah, I think
maybe you should go to bed now!
NARRATOR: In response to the studies that show many
teenagers are sleep- deprived, a number of school districts across
the country have changed their school start times. In Minneapolis,
high schools start over an hour later than they did five years ago.
Trevor Nelson notices a big change in first period class.
TREVOR: A lot of kids are talking, awake, you know,
smiling. It's a lot more alert than it was in middle school.
KYLA WALHSTROM, University of Minnesota: What we found as
a result of the later start time is that students were attending
classes. They were more alert in class. They're reporting themselves
being more alert. They're staying with the discussion, with the
teacher. They're raising their hand. They're being engaged as
learners instead of struggling just to stay awake and- or passively
sitting there.
NARRATOR: Wahlstrom's recent report on the Minneapolis
school experiment meant attendance was up. But there was a down
side, particularly for middle school students, who now start two
hours later.
SARAH VAN DER WERF, Math Teacher: I think it's really hurt
after-school programs. Occasionally, I leave school at 4:30, and
I'll see students leaving the building and then- at middle schools.
And I think, "You have no time to go have any kind of after-school
activities, including tutoring or sports or anything before you need
to be home and having dinner with your families," which is an
important time, as well.
And I- you know, there's- for every study that says kids do
better with late start times academically, there's studies that say
kids do better when they're involved in activities and sports and
choirs and drama and all those things. And so I think it's limited
the amount of kids that can be involved in that kind of stuff.
NARRATOR: It's not only after-school activities that are
affected when school districts change their start times. Bus
schedules, child care- everything changes when the school start time
shifts. Even in Rhode Island, where much of the ground-breaking
sleep research was done, later school start times have met
resistance.
Dr. MARY CARSKADON, Brown University: There have been some
other districts where it's just sort of blown up in the face of the
schools when they've tried to delay. The school is really the heart
of the community and the heart of these families, and if you do it
without any warning- you know, parents have structured day care and
child care for the little ones being provided by the older ones. And
I mean, it just can get out of control.
NARRATOR: Applying new science to public policy has always
been tricky, and nowhere more so than in areas that affect children.
Take, for instance, the debate over what science has said about
early childhood.
Parents used to be told that mobiles, Mozart and lots of
stimulation would make their babies smarter. If they didn't do it
early, there wouldn't be a second chance. We now know that simply
isn't true.
JOHN BRUER, Author, "The Myth of the First Three Years":
Brain science has told us very little about what we can do to raise
our children and raise our children better.
NARRATOR: John Bruer is the author of a book, The Myth
of the First Three Years.
JOHN BRUER: What we really have to be careful of here is
if we're talking about how fast 3-year-olds learn or what kind of
moral decisions teenagers could make, the relationships between the
behaviors and the desired behaviors and the brain structure is
totally unknown. So these- this simple, popular newsweekly magazine
idea that adolescents are difficult because their frontal lobes
aren't mature is one we should be very cautious of.
NARRATOR: Even Dr. Jay Giedd, who seems to have penetrated
deep inside the teenage brain, wonders about the kind of lessons
parents can draw from his science.
Dr. JAY GIEDD, National Institute of Mental Health: The
more technical and more advanced the science becomes, often the more
it leads us back to some very basic tenets. And sometimes it's even
disappointing to people that, with all of the science and with all
the advances, the best advice we can give is things that our
grandmother could have told us generations ago- to spend loving,
quality time with our children.
ELLEN GALINSKY, Families and Work Institute: So often,
what happens in the United States is that we're on a pendulum. We go
from saying "This is good" to "This is bad," and then we say what
was bad becomes good.
NARRATOR: Ellen Galinsky is a social scientist and the
president of the Families and Work Institute. She has seen
scientific fads come and go, but she says her research for a book
about children shows there are enduring lessons for parents.
ELLEN GALINSKY: Even though the public perception is about
building bigger and better brains, what the research shows is that
it's the relationships. It's the connections, it's the people in
children's lives who make the biggest difference.
TEENAGE BOY: A lot of times older kids, they seem to
break away from their parents a little bit. It's like a feeling of
freedom or something. And then they find that when they get into a
problem, they want their parents' help, but they don't want to,
you know, outright ask their parents.
TEENAGE GIRL: You'd really like them just to step in and
say, "Hey, you know, you don't seem too, you know, happy today. Is
everything OK? Because sometimes, I don't know, I'll have trouble
asking- you know, expressing my feelings if someone doesn't come
up and ask first.
ELLEN GALINSKY: It's a surprise to me and it's a surprise
to every group of parents or teachers with whom I speak, is that
kids are actually yearning, teens are yearning for more time with
their parents.
NIKKI: From since I was younger, she was always there for
me. Whenever anything happened, it's her. She's there. Anything went
down, you know, when I'm feeling sad, whatever, it doesn't matter
when it is, she's the type of person who always makes sure you're
fine.
NARRATOR: Gayle Jarvis works two jobs. Every afternoon she
heads out for the evening shift, leaving three kids behind. Yet even
though Gayle has to spend a great deal of time away from her
children, they feel her presence.
NIKKI: She's, like, always calling from work. I mean, she
works till, like- you've been to my house. You've heard how much my
mom calls.
CLASSMATE: Her mom calls her just for not eating food
today and she-
NIKKI: OK, my mom, she's the way that she has to make sure
that when we get up, you know, when we come home, she finds out how
was our day. As soon as we come, like, she knows the time we come
home. "Ring, ring, ring!"
I bet you it's Mom. I bet you.
TEENAGER: OK.
NIKKI: Hello? Hi, Mom!
GAYLE JARVIS: What's up?
NIKKI: What'd I say?
GAYLE JARVIS: Did Rodney come?
NIKKI: Yeah, but he have to leave early. He said he had
to go straight to work, so he said sorry.
GAYLE JARVIS: Let me speak to [unintelligible]
NIKKI: Hold on.
TEENAGER: Hi, Mom.
GAYLE JARVIS: How're you doing?
TEENAGER: How're you?
GAYLE JARVIS: What's up?
TEENAGER: Nothing.
GAYLE JARVIS: You have to be careful with kids. It's the
time when you push them off, that's the time when they really need
to be heard. So you have to be very, very careful because it's easy
to say, "OK, call me later, and maybe, you know, we'll talk later,"
but then later might be a couple of minutes too late. So you don't
take that chance.
BRITTANY: I hate that, how everyone just- was that how
it was when you were younger?
NARRATOR: Bev Husnander spends a lot of time listening to
what's on the minds of her kids. Here she lets us set up a camera to
observe a typical evening with Brittany and her friend, Leah.
BRITTANY: He's been suspended, like, a hundred times. So
he finally quit school because she got- he was never in school
anyways because she was suspended so many times.
BEV HUSNANDER: For what reason?
BRITTANY: She went to class, like normal. She was just a
little out of it.
LEAH: She just couldn't walk. And then she passed out
next to the toilet.
BRITTANY: So they just won't listen to us, no matter how
hard we try. So we have to suck it up and-
LEAH: The name of my six-page was "How to help our
children in this me-first culture." Whatever that means.
BEV HUSNANDER: I just want it to be open. I wanted them to
be able to talk back to me about anything and not feel that they
were going to be reprimanded or thought foolish or insignificant or
they didn't know what they were talking about because they were
children or because they were kids. I think kids are a lot smarter
and a lot in tuned to what's going on than their parents ever give
them credit for.
GAYLE JARVIS: Growing up, one of the things I hated, or
even when I was an adult in certain situations, I hated that feeling
of when I got home, I know there was going to be something that was
going to upset the apple cart and that feeling you get in the pit of
your stomach. And I don't ever want them to have that.
NARRATOR: Charlie O'Donnell regards his mom as a good
sport, but he's still continuously battling for more independence.
CHARLIE: I'm going to go to the Air Force after high
school, and then I'll get my college paid for and then go to
college, IT doesn't really matter where. I just want to get out of
the house. I want to live in a dorm. No parents' rules. I'd have to
set them for myself.
JIM BORGMAN, Cartoonist: Separation is the whole job of
teenagers. And as parents, what we would say we want, what we truly
want in our hearts, is to launch them into rich, independent,
textured lives of their own. And so in the teenage years, here we
get it, and it doesn't always feel the way we thought it would.
I have a friend who says that teenagers plant their feet firmly
on your chest and launch themselves off into their own life. And
that's just how it feels usually.
ELLEN GALINSKY, Families and Work Institute: So I went
back and I asked teens. And they said, "Well, yeah, we are pushing
our parents away because it's really hard for us to come out and say
`I need you.' " It makes them feel young or- you know, they want us
to be mind readers. OK, well, we can't be mind readers. But what
they said is, "Hang in there. If we push you away, yeah, we still
want you, so hang in there."
When you ask children whom they admire, they often talk about
their parents. If they have a good relationship, they talk about
their parents.
[www.pbs.org: Read information for parents]
BRITTANY: I tell my mom mostly everything. Like, I don't
tell her guy things, but, like, I tell her mostly everything, like,
about my friends and everything. I trust my mom with everything.
TYLER: I admire my mom because she has been raising me and
my sister by herself. And she's- if you know me and my sister, you
know that she's done a good job.
NIKKI: I think you can put more trust in your mom than you
can in anybody else. I have no shame in saying I love my mom. My mom
can be clear down the hall, and I'll go, "Hi, Mom! I love you!" just
like that.
Inside the Teenage Brain
Written, Produced and Directed by
SARAH SPINKS
Senior Producer
SHARON TILLER
Director of Photography
DOUGLAS PIKE
Sound Recording
ALISTER BELL
Editor
JEFF MORGAN
Additional Editing
JOHN MACGIBBON
Chief Researcher
CHRISTINA SENJUG
Production Managers
ED BARREVELD
DEBORAH PARKS
Sound Mix
JIM SULLIVAN
Online Editor
Michael H. Amundson
Post Production Services
SCENE BY SCENE
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INC.
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LIFETIME CARING FOR KIDS CAMPAIGN
NEW
SCREEN CONCEPTS
O'DONNELL FAMILY ARCHIVES
Special Thanks to
STAFF & STUDENTS AT
NELSON A.
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BORGMAN AND JERRY SCOTT
FOR FRONTLINE
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A Spin Free Production
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© 2002 SPIN FREE PRODUCTIONS
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FRONTLINE is a production of WGBH Boston, which is solely
responsible for its content.
ANNOUNCER: This report continues on our Web site, where
you'll find summaries of brain and sleep research discussed in the
program, with details and pictures of the brain's development and
how it affects teens, on-line activities for parents and teens on
ways to improve communications skills, a report on the challenges of
applying cutting-edge science like this to public policy decisions.
And find out here if your local station is re-airing this program
and when. Then join the discussion at PBS on line, pbs.org or write
an email to frontline@pbs.org or write to this address. [DEAR
FRONTLINE, 125 Western Ave., Boston, MA 02134]
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